Particules fines : sources de pollution et impact sur la santé
Particules fines et santé:
Selon l’OMS, neuf citoyens sur dix vivant en milieu urbain sont exposés à un air chargé en particules fines, ce qui représente un risque pour la santé des individus. Il est fortement recommandé de surveiller son exposition aux particules fines et à la pollution atmosphérique en général.
Temps de lecture : 7 minutes
« La pollution atmosphérique par les particules raccourcit la vie dans le monde, encore plus que les cigarettes. Il n’y a pas de plus grand risque actuel pour la santé humaine. »
Michael Greenstone,
Milton Friedman Distinguished Service Professor in Economics, University of Chicago
Sommaire
Qu’est-ce-que les particules fines ?
Quelles sont les sources ?
Quels sont les dangers des particules fines sur la santé ?
Comment réduire et mesurer les émissions de particules fines ?
Qu’est-ce que les particules fines ?
Les particules fines (PM = particulate matter en anglais) sont des matières solides microscopiques suspendu dans l’atmosphère.
La matière particulaire est classée selon la taille de ses particules. Les particules fines PM2.5 sont des particules d’un diamètre de 2,5 microns (μm) ou moins. Les PM10 sont des particules grossières dont le diamètre est inférieur ou égal à 10 micromètres. Ces deux dernières sont les principales mais il existe d’autres classifications de particules en suspensions telles que PM1, PM3, PM4, PM5.
Pour rappel, un micron = 0,001 millimètre.
Quelles sont les sources ?
Les particules fines primaires
Les particules fines dites « primaires », c’est-à-dire émises telles quelles dans l’atmosphère, proviennent de sources extérieures et intérieures.
- En intérieur : les particules fines sont produites par des activités intérieures courantes telles que la fumée de tabac, la cuisson, la combustion de bougies ou de lampes à huile, ainsi que le fonctionnement des foyers et des appareils de chauffage à combustible (ex : les appareils de chauffage au kérosène).
- En extérieur : les particules fines proviennent principalement des gaz d’échappement des véhicules mais également d’autres opérations qui impliquent la combustion de combustibles tels que le bois, le mazout ou le charbon, l’agriculture et des sources naturelles telles que les feux de forêt et d’herbe.
Les particules fines secondaires
Les particules fines dites « secondaires » se forment dans l’air par réactions physico-chimiques à partir d’autres polluants tels que le dioxyde de soufre (SO2), les oxydes d’azotes (Nox), l’ammoniac (NH3) et les composés organiques volatils (COV).
Ces réactions chimiques peuvent se produire à des kilomètres de la source d’origine des émissions et les particules fines peuvent être transportées sur de longues distances de leur source, des événements tels que des incendies de forêt ou des éruptions volcaniques peuvent augmenter les concentrations de particules fines à des centaines de kilomètres de l’événement.
Quels sont les dangers des particules fines sur la santé ?
Selon l’OMS, ces particules sont hautement cancérigènes.
En raison de leur capacité à pénétrer profondément dans les poumons et la circulation sanguine. Il a été constaté que plus la particule est petite, plus le risque pour la santé est élevé ! Les PM2.5 sont l’une des principales sources responsables des maladies liées à l’air intérieur.
Des effets à court terme sur la santé
A court terme, une exposition aux particules fines peut engendrer :
- Une irritation des yeux, du nez et de la gorge
- De la toux
- Des eternuements
- Un ecoulement nasal
- De l’essouflement
Des effets à long terme sur la santé
A long terme, l’impact des particules fines peut être plus important comme l’aggravation de l’asthme, toux et bronchites chez l’enfant, une réduction des fonctions pulmonaires, une réduction de l’espérance de vie, des maladies cardiovasculaires, des maladies respiratoires et des cancers du poumon.
Ainsi, les enfants, les personnes âgées, les femmes enceintes ou encore les personnes ayant des problèmes respiratoires peuvent être particulièrement sensibles aux particules fines.
L’AQLI démontre qu’en moyenne la pollution atmosphérique particulaire réduit l’espérance de vie mondiale d’environ 2 à 5 ans.
Comment réduire et mesurer les émissions de particules fines ?
En réduisant les niveaux de pollution atmosphérique, les pays peuvent réduire le fardeau des maladies causées par les accidents vasculaires cérébraux, les maladies cardiaques, le cancer du poumon et les maladies respiratoires chroniques et aiguës, y compris l’asthme. Plus les niveaux de pollution atmosphérique sont faibles, meilleure sera la santé cardiovasculaire et respiratoire de la population, à long et à court terme.
Cependant, des solutions de base peuvent être adoptées par tous afin de limiter les émissions de particules :
- Éviter les axes routiers à fort trafic
- Éviter d’utiliser de l’encens, bougies, spray d’ambiance
- Varier les modes de cuissons
- Aérer après et pendant le nettoyage
Afin de mesurer et surveiller l’exposition aux particules fines, la solution Meersens autour de la donnée environnementale, fondée sur la modélisation et le déploiement de capteurs (intérieurs ou extérieurs) va permettre de rendre visible l’invisible en 1 clic !
Meersens, analyse la qualité de votre environnement
Meersens est une entreprise à impact positif dans le domaine de la santé environnementale, mobilisée pour créer un avenir durable, permettant d’atténuer les risques environnementaux et de contribuer positivement à la santé et au bien-être des parties prenantes – en offrant une surveillance et une prévention environnementales personnalisées.
Meersens offre une vision et une surveillance multi-polluants à 360°, en temps réel, historique et prédictive, pour n’importe quel lieu, avec une grande précision, vous permettant d’atténuer les risques et de prendre de meilleures décisions.
Que vous soyez une entreprise souhaitant agir pour ses salariés, une ville pour ses citoyens, Meersens peut vous accompagner !
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