Clean Meat : la « viande » santé de demain ?

Clean Meat : la « viande » santé de demain ? 

Si je vous dis viande in vitro, steak végétal, substituts de viande, viande de synthèse ou viande sans viande à quoi pensez-vous ? Peut-être que ces mots vous font penser au végétarisme, végétalisme ou encore flexitarisme mais ils sont surtout liés à la Clean Meat.

La Clean Meat c’est créer des « viandes » riches en protéines comme la viande conventionnelle mais ne provenant pas d’animaux et donc n’engendrant pas de souffrance animale. La Clean Meat c’est aussi produire ces « viandes sans viande » en réduisant l’impact environnemental dû à leur production par rapport à de la viande provenant d’un animal. Ainsi Ethan Brown PDG de Beyond Meat, une grande marque de viande sans viande, affirme que ce type de produit permettra de résoudre les problèmes de santé humaine, des épidémies aux maladies cardiaques, du diabète et cancer mais aussi les problèmes liés au climat et au bien-être animal.

Temps de lecture : 6 minutes

 

Le bien-être animal
La pollution de la planète
Les bienfaits nutritionnels
Problèmes sanitaires

Cela fait beaucoup de promesses et peut faire rêver mais qu’en est-il vraiment ?

Premièrement il faut faire la différence entre 2 types de produits :

  • Les substituts de viandes généralement faits à base de végétaux (soja ou autres). Ils sont riches en protéines et ils sont déjà très répandus sur le marché.
  • La viande in vitro créée à partir de cellules souches animales. Ces cellules souches sont mises dans des bioréacteurs avec un milieu de culture et des facteurs de croissances adéquats pour produire des fibres musculaires synthétiques qui pourront être consommées sous forme de « steak » ou autre.

Le bien-être animal

La consommation de ces 2 types de « substituts de viandes » favorise le bien-être animal puisqu’il n’y a pas besoin d’élever des animaux pour les abattre ensuite. Ces nouveaux produits auront donc de quoi ravir les amateurs de viandes qui ont décidé de réduire leur consommation carnée.

Le développement de ce type de viande fait par contre émerger des questions sur l’élevage. En effet celui-ci lorsqu’il est non intensif et réalisé de manière raisonnée a des côtés bénéfiques. L’élevage permet d’apporter au sol les nutriments dont il a besoin et permet aussi d’assurer le maintien des territoires. De plus, les animaux consomment 70% de végétaux impropres à le consommation humaine.

La pollution de la planète

Il est bien connu que la production de viande est génératrice de pollution surtout comparée à la production de végétaux. Produire de la viande est couteux en eau et génère du CO2 et méthane.

Mais la viande in vitro générerait encore plus d’émissions à effet de serre car elle ne rejette que du méthane qui reste plus longtemps dans l’atmosphère par rapport au CO2. De plus, la méthode de production est encore très coûteuse en énergie. Pour être rentable énergiquement, pour la planète et rivaliser avec la production de viande de volailles et de porc, la production de viande in vitro doit encore être améliorée. Mais il ne faut pas perdre espoir le développement de viande in vitro est en constante évolution.

Concernant les « steaks végétaux » leur impact sur l’environnement est moindre par rapport à de la viande. Ils peuvent être cependant liés à d’autres polémiques comme la culture intensive de soja (utilisé aussi bien pour l’alimentation humaine, animale et autres produits…) et autres.

Les bienfaits nutritionnels

Le bilan est mitigé. Consommer des substituts végétaux de viandes permet de réduire sa consommation de viande rouge, ce qui est bénéfique pour la santé. Cependant les substituts de viandes sont loin d’être sains puisque ce sont des produits ultra-transformés qui contiennent beaucoup d’additifs, de graisses ajoutées et même de sel. Leur teneur en calories peut être bien plus élevée qu’un morceau de viande traditionnel. Nutritionnellement il est généralement plus intéressant de manger de la volaille qu’un substitut de viande pleins d’additifs, très salé et très gras. Il faut rester vigilant sur le choix des produits de substitution.

Problèmes sanitaires

La viande in vitro poserait moins de problèmes sanitaires -réduction de la contamination bactériologique dus à des contacts avec les carcasses des animaux-. Les conditions stériles de fabrication garantiraient un risque de contamination moindre.

Concernant les substituts de viande à base de végétaux le plus grand risque sanitaire reste le risque d’allergies pour les personnes concernées. Il est donc nécessaire de bien lire les étiquettes ou d’utiliser l’application Meersens pour s’assurer de l’absence d’allergènes problématiques.

En résumé, la viande in vitro pourrait répondre à bien des problématiques futures mais pour l’instant la méthode de fabrication est encore à améliorer afin de garantir une consommation d’énergie plus faible et l’utilisation de milieu n’exposant pas le consommateur à des hormones de croissance ou antibiotiques.  Les substituts de viandes aux végétaux actuels peuvent être une bonne alternative pour réduire sa consommation de viande à condition de les choisir peu transformés (seitan, tofu, tempeh…) ou de consommer occasionnellement ceux qui sont ultra-transformés (imitation de steak, dinde, Beyond Meat, Impossible Foods…).

Vous trouverez plus d’informations et bons gestes du quotidien sur l’application Meersens, le gardien de votre santé.

Sources:

In vitro meat production system: why and how? Shruti Sharma, Sukhcharanjit Singh Thind and al., 2015 Dec https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4648904/

Plant-Based Diets: Considerations for Environmental Impact, Protein Quality, and Exercise Performance, Heidi Lynch, Carol Johnston and al., 2018 Dec https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6316289/

Viande de synthèse et steaks végétaux : une « clean meat » pas si propre ? Fabien Soyez , 7 juin 2019 https://www.cnetfrance.fr/news/viande-de-synthese-et-steaks-vegetaux-une-clean-meat-pas-si-propre-39885671.htm

Climate Impacts of Cultured Meat and Beef Cattle, John Lynch Raymond Pierrehumbert, 19 février 2019 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2019.00005/full?utm_campaign=the_download.unpaid.engagement&utm_source=hs_email&utm_medium=email&utm_content=70078202&_hsenc=p2ANqtz–545bdQqvSppCGAF_aL5WFWE_u8mwrEHXz8BxzqxAzlxT6nieD3aTvG4SRCrnW_g-cq79GK1uEZc8FXDvamA0yL3FOVA9MKWFk921IIegzL99OpgU&_hsmi=70078202

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