Les composés organiques volatils (COV) : sources et impacts sur la santé

Les composés organiques volatils (COV) : sources et impacts sur la santé

Nous passons la plupart de notre temps dans des lieux clos : au travail, à la maison, à l’école… mais en raison de nombreux facteurs et polluants, l’air intérieur est 7 fois plus pollué qu’à l’extérieur. Parmi les polluants les plus répandus, les composés organiques volatils (COV), nocifs pour la santé. Quelles sont les sources des COV et leurs effets sur la santé humaine ?

Temps de lecture : 4 minutes

 

Sommaire

Qu’est-ce-que les composés organiques volatils (COV) ?
Quelles sont les sources des composés organiques volatils (COV) ?
Quels sont les impacts des composés organiques volatils sur l’environnement et la santé ?
Comment se protéger et réduire les émissions de composés organiques volatils (COV) ?

Qu’est-ce que les composés organiques volatils (COV) ?

En tant que polluants de l’air, les composés organiques volatils, appelés aussi COV, désignent toutes les molécules extrêmement volatiles : on parle de toutes les molécules formées d’atomes d’hydrogène et de carbone (hydrocarbures), ainsi que les molécules d’azote, de chlore, de soufre, ou d’oxygène.

Il s’agit donc d’une multitude de substances qui peuvent être d’origine naturelle (substances biogéniques) ou d’origine humaine (substances anthropiques).  

Les composés organiques volatils (COV) sont alors un mélange de gaz, de vapeurs et d’odeurs qui s’évaporent plus ou moins rapidement selon la température ambiante.

Les plus connus sont :

👉Le formaldéhyde,

👉 Le benzène,

👉 L’acétone,

👉 L’éthanol

👉 Le butane

Présents et s’échappant de divers matériaux et produits de la vie quotidienne, les COV se volatilisent et changent la composition chimique de l’air ambiant et sont donc considérés comme polluants.

Les composés organiques volatils (COV) : quelles sont les sources ? 

Il existe de nombreuses sources d’émissions de COV.

🌇 Les sources de COV en extérieur

Sources des composés organiques volatils en extérieur

En extérieur, les volcans, les forêts, les émissions végétales et les fermentations sont autant de sources pour l’émission de ces gaz. En ville, ils proviennent essentiellement des activités humaines (les gaz d’échappement, la combustion, l’utilisation des engrais et des solvants, etc.).

🏠  Les sources de COV en intérieur

À l’intérieur, les COV proviennent de nombreux produits utilisés quotidiennement au sein des bâtiments, tels que : les parfums, les bougies et feux de cheminée, les vapeurs de cuisson, les meubles neufs, les produits d’entretien, les jouets pour enfants, etc.

Sources des composés organiques volatils en intérieur
Sources des composés organiques volatils en intérieur

À l’intérieur, les COV proviennent de nombreux produits utilisés quotidiennement au sein des bâtiments, tels que : les parfums, les bougies et feu x de cheminée, les vapeurs de cuisson, les meubles neufs, les produits d’entretien, les jouets pour enfants, etc.

Les composés organiques volatils : des impacts sur la santé et l’environnement

🌍 L’impact des COV sur l’environnement 

Dans l’atmosphère, les composés organiques volatils peuvent avoir des effets nocifs sur l’environnement. En se dégradant, ils provoquent de nombreuses réactions et perturbent l’équilibre chimique.

Les COV contribuent, en réagissant avec les oxydes d’azote (NOx), à la formation de PM2,5 et d’ozone troposphérique, favorisant ainsi indirectement le réchauffement climatique. Le méthane (CH4) faisant partie de la famille des COV, provoque la fonte des glaces ou l’élévation du niveau de la mer au niveau mondial.

Certains COV contribuent au phénomène des pluies acides, qui dégradent les bâtiments et nuisent aux animaux et aux végétaux.

💙 L’impact des COV sur la santé 

Selon la nature des substances volatiles, leur concentration et la nature de l’exposition, les effets sur la santé humaine peuvent être plus ou moins importants.

Effets à court terme

👉Maux de tête

👉 Inconfort olfactif

👉 Irritation de la peau et des muqueuses

👉 Fatigue

👉 Toux, respiration douloureuse

👉 Pneumonie, bronchite

Effets à long terme

👉Le système nerveux central est altéré (maux de tête, anxiété)

👉 Maladies cardiovasculaires

👉 Maladies respiratoires (asthme)

👉 Cancers

👉 Impacts sur le foie, la rate, le sang

👉 Impacts sur l’appareil reproducteur

Effets à court terme

👉 Maux de tête

👉 Inconfort olfactif

👉 Irritations (peau et muqueuses)

👉 Fatigue

👉 Toux, respiration douloureuse

👉 Pneumonie, bronchite

Effets à long terme

Système nerveux central altéré 👈

Maladies cardiovasculaires 👈

Maladies respiratoires (asthme) 👈 

Cancers 👈

Impacts sur le foie, la rate, le sang 👈

Impact sur l’appareil reproducteur 👈 

Certains composés organiques volatils comme le benzène ou le formaldéhyde, s’ils sont présents en forte concentration dans l’air ambiant, peuvent avoir des effets cancérigènes/cancérogènes sur l’homme, entraîner des mutations de gènes, ou encore être toxiques pour la reproduction.

Comment se protéger et réduire les émissions de composés organiques volatils (COV) ?

Pour réduire les émissions des composés organiques volatils en intérieur, l’adoption de quelques gestes simples peut permettre d’améliorer la qualité de l’air à la maison ou en entreprise.

👉Aérer quotidiennement la pièce;

👉 Veiller au bon renouvellement de l’air grâce à une ventilation bien entretenue et adaptée;

👉 Bien choisir ses meubles et matériaux et privilégier les étiquettes A+;

👉 Privilégier les produits de nettoyage « traditionnels » tels que le vinaigre blanc, le savon noir, le bicarbonate de soude afin d’éviter les interactions entre différentes substances;

👉 Eviter les produits odorants (parfums d’ambiance, encens, bougies);

👉 Installer des capteurs de qualité de l’air intérieur pour surveiller et connaitre rapidement le niveau de COV (et autres polluants) dans la pièce.

Mesurer et surveiller les composés organiques volatils (COV) à l’aide des solutions Meersens

Pour surveiller la pollution de l’air intérieur et notamment les composés organiques volatils (COV), Meersens propose le déploiement de capteurs, facilement déployables, permettant de surveiller et d’analyser tous les principaux polluants présents sur le lieu de travail afin de garantir la santé et la productivité des employés. Contactez-nous aujourd’hui pour plus d’informations !

Partager cet article 👇

Meersens analyse la qualité de votre environnement

Meersens est une entreprise à impact positif dans le domaine de la santé environnementale, mobilisée pour créer un avenir durable, permettant d'atténuer les risques environnementaux et de contribuer positivement à la santé et au bien-être des parties prenantes - en offrant une surveillance et une prévention environnementales personnalisées.

Meersens offre une vision et une surveillance multi-polluants à 360°, en temps réel, historique et prédictive, pour n'importe quel lieu, avec une grande précision, vous permettant d'atténuer les risques et de prendre de meilleures décisions.

Solution Meersens - Santé environnementale

Meersens est une entreprise à impact positif dans le domaine de la santé environnementale, mobilisée pour créer un avenir durable, permettant d’atténuer les risques environnementaux et de contribuer positivement à la santé et au bien-être des parties prenantes – en offrant une surveillance et une prévention environnementales personnalisées.

Meersens offre une vision et une surveillance multi-polluants à 360°, en temps réel, historique et prédictive, pour n’importe quel lieu, avec une grande précision, vous permettant d’atténuer les risques et de prendre de meilleures décisions.

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