Exposome : l'impact de l'environnement sur la santé enfin pris en compte

L’exposome : l’impact de l’environnement sur la santé enfin pris en compte

L’exposome, un concept récent qui prend de plus en plus d’ampleur, il met en lumière l’impact de l’environnement sur la santé d’un individu au cours de sa vie. Projets européens, loi santé, sciences de l’exposition et chercheurs ambitionnent de comprendre l’association santé-maladie/environnement…

Temps de lecture : 6 minutes

Définition de l’exposome et de la loi Touraine

L’exposome et maladies

L’expologie

Exposome et Epigénétique 

Modèles de l’exposome et les innovations à venir

Définition de l’exposome et loi de santé publique :  loi Touraine

L’exposome est un concept qui commence à se populariser et à prendre de l’ampleur au sein de la communauté scientifique. Le terme, datant de 2005, a été inventé par le Pr Chris Wild, ancien directeur du Centre international de recherches sur le cancer. Le concept d’exposome défini l’étude des facteurs de risques non génétiques qui peuvent avoir un impact sur la santé.

Les facteurs de risques englobent aussi bien les facteurs environnementaux (polluants, particules fines, radiations, perturbateurs endocriniens, bruit…) que les facteurs sociologiques/mode de vie (stress, conditions de travail, activités sportives, alimentation…). L’exposome définit l’impact de l’environnement physique, biologique et social d’un individu de sa conception jusqu’à sa fin de vie. Autant dire que l’étude des données de l’exposome n’est pas une mince affaire et reste très complexe de par sa dimension multifactorielle.

Le mot « exposome » fait aujourd’hui partie de la loi française, puisque le terme a été intégré dans l’article 1er de la loi de santé publique adoptée en avril 2015 par l’Assemblée nationale. La loi Touraine de santé publique permet à la santé-environnement d’être reconnue pour la première fois comme un enjeu de santé publique à part entière. Les risques et l’impact de l’environnement sur le développement de maladies diverses comme les cancers, les maladies respiratoires ou encore les allergies alimentaires sont pris en compte.

Plus d’informations sur le concept d’exposome : ici.

L’exposome et maladies : l’impact de l’environnement sur la santé

La corrélation entre santé et environnement n’a pas toujours été établie clairement, surtout à l’apogée de l’étude du génome humain documentant les prédispositions génétiques menant au développement de certaines maladies. Cependant, la génétique n’est pas toujours en mesure d’expliquer le lien entre maladies et génome.

C’est l’analyse des données de l’exposome sur des domaines précis (UV, microbes, polluants, pesticides, nutrition…) qui a permis d’associer environnement et maladies. Ainsi, la pollution atmosphérique a été corrélée à un risque accru de maladies respiratoires notamment pour les enfants et ça dès leur période de vie prénatale. L’exposome permet aussi d’expliquer l’augmentation du nombre de cancer des poumons avec par exemple une exposition au radon (gaz présent dans certaines régions de France). Au-delà de ces exemples quelques peu simplistes, l’exposome établit des liens avec les maladies cutanées, l’état de la peau, les allergies, les maladies psychiatriques (via, par exemple, l’exposition à des perturbateurs endocriniens ou métaux lourds).

Néanmoins, ces maladies restent multifactorielles, il est donc compliqué d’associer une seule source ou paramètre à une pathologie ; c’est un ensemble de conditions environnementales qui augmentera la probabilité de déclencher une maladie ou un problème d’ordre médical.

Meersens a aussi décidé de relever le défi et propose une modélisation de l’exposome via l’application Meersens qui est gratuite et disponible sur App Store et Play Store. L’application vous permet de cartographier et décrypter l’exposome autour de vous : problématiques de qualité d’air, d’eau, des ondes nocives, UV, polluants, allergènes et également votre alimentation afin d’éviter toutes problématiques sanitaires. Pour pousser l’analyse de l’exposome, Meersens propose un objet connecté avec biocapteurs permettant à chacun de monitorer les risques de son environnement immédiat. Des solutions et conseils sont ensuite proposés pour préserver sa santé et se protéger des nocifs.

Approche sur la mesure de l’exposome : l’expologie

Le défi pour la recherche en santé environnementale est l’élaboration de bases de données sur l’exposome. Pour cela, deux approches sont possibles : l’expologie ou la toxicologie. La première est la science de l’évaluation des expositions. Elle a pour objet d’identifier et de caractériser, dans les situations réelles, le contact avec les agents toxiques et la pénétration de ces derniers dans l’organisme. Elle repose principalement sur des observations de terrain.

La toxicologie, quant à elle, étudie les poisons mais via des prélèvements biologiques (cheveux, cellules, urines, sang, salives…) sur les individus. L’objectif est d’obtenir une connaissance systémique de toutes les influences sur la santé qui ne relèvent pas du génome.

Exposome et Epigénétique : deux notions complémentaires ?

L’exposome et le génome sont dissociés mais qu’en est-t-il de l’épigénétique et exposome ? L’épigénétique est l’étude des changements d’activité des gènes, sans faire appel à des mutations de l’ADN. Le Pr Paolo Vineis, de l’Imperial College de Londres explique : « Dans l’ADN, des marqueurs épigénétiques entourent les gènes : ils peuvent les activer ou au contraire les éteindre. Or ces marqueurs sont eux-mêmes influencés par l’environnement. » Ainsi notre environnement aurait non pas un impact génomique mais épigénomique. Les maladies dites multifactorielles, pour lesquelles les mutations génétiques ne sont pas un facteur explicatif, pourraient être expliquées par une prédisposition individuelle aux facteurs extérieurs.

Mon exposome : les modèles de l’exposome et les innovations à venir

« L’essentiel des travaux en santé/environnement a consisté à associer un contaminant, souvent chimique, à un mécanisme toxique et une pathologie, affirme Robert Barouki, chercheur à l’Inserm, or, la relation entre un seul contaminant et un seul effet associé est rarissime et ne reflète pas la réalité des expositions qui sont souvent multiples et complexes« . Les scientifiques doivent donc développer des moyens d’investigations toujours plus poussés pour obtenir une modélisation proche de la réalité.

Divers projets ont été lancé sur le sujet. Le projet HELIX a pour ambition d’étudier l’impact de « l’exposome dans les premières années de vie » en prenant en compte tous les risques auxquels sont exposés les mères et les enfants et mettre en relation cette exposition à la santé, la croissance et le développement de l’enfant. Human Exposome Project, lancé via le programme Horizon2020 (H2020), veut mettre en place une boîte à outils afin de mesurer l’impact de l’exposome sur la santé.

 

Solution Meersens - Santé environnementale

Meersens est une entreprise à impact positif dans le domaine de la santé environnementale, mobilisée pour créer un avenir durable, permettant d’atténuer les risques environnementaux et de contribuer positivement à la santé et au bien-être des parties prenantes – en offrant une surveillance et une prévention environnementales personnalisées.

Meersens offre une vision et une surveillance multi-polluants à 360°, en temps réel, historique et prédictive, pour n’importe quel lieu, avec une grande précision, vous permettant d’atténuer les risques et de prendre de meilleures décisions.

Lectures complémentaires

Environnement et santé mentale : comprendre pour agir La santé mentale est aujourd’hui au cœur des enjeux de santé publique. Stress, anxiété, fatigue mentale ou troubles du sommeil touchent une part croissante de la population. Pourtant, ces problématiques sont encore...

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